Rejection and Isolation in A Portrait of the Artist as a...

As James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man unfolds, the central theme of isolation and rejection becomes evident. From birth to adolescence, the protagonist of the story, Stephen Dedalus, responds to his experiences throughout life with actions of rejection and isolation. He rebels against his environment and isolates himself in schoolwork, family, religion and his art, successively. James Joyce uses Stephen Dedalus responses of isolation and rejection to illustrate the journey that the artist must take to achieve adulthood. Even as a young boy, Stephen experienced rejection and isolation at school. On the playground Stephen felt his body [too] small and weak amid the [other] players (Joyce 8). His†¦show more content†¦When the conformists damn Lord Byron as a heretic Stephen responds by affirming Byrons superiority over Tennyson. The shocked and enraged boys attack Stephen, pinning him against the barbed wire fence: -Admit that Byron was no good -No -Admit -No -Admit -No. No. At last after a fury of plunges he wrenched himself free. His tormentors set off towards Joness Road, laughing and jeering at him, while he, torn and flushed and panting, stumbled after them blinded with tears, clenching his fists madly and sobbing (Joyce 82). At college, a similar incident supports this idea of isolation caused by rebellion and rejection of authority. When Stephen refuses to sign a petition to ask for world peace, he suffers criticism from his friends. Amidst the criticism, however, Stephen dissociates himself from his schoolmates and his environment by saying, When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets (Joyce 203). Although Stephen isolates himself by rejecting authority and rebelling against conformity, he eventually breaks free from their restrictions to find personal freedom essential for the artist to reach maturity. During his adolescent years, Stephen is forced to stay at home due to his fathers financial problems causing him to reject his schoolmates andShow MoreRelated A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Stephen Dedalus - Rebel Without a Cause? His soul had arisen from the grave of boyhood, spurning her grave-clothes. Yes! Yes! Yes! He would create proudly out of the freedom and power of his soul, as the great artificer whose name he bore, a living thing, new and soaring and beautiful, impalpable, imperishable Throughout A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man Stephen Dedalus is persistently portrayed as the outsider, apart from the society he andRead More Essay on Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man and The Wall1789 Words   |  8 PagesThe Artist in Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man and Pink Floyds The Wall      Ã‚  Ã‚   Foragers, the people who live in hunter-gatherer societies, have no artists. It is only when society becomes complex enough to support a division of labor do artists emerge-first as shamans, then as the painters, singers, writers, etc., that we usually think of today. Society, then, creates the artist, but it can also destroy him. 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On the Surface, it would seem that he led a very uninteresting lifeRead MoreEdward Scissorhands: Film Review2868 Words   |  12 Pagesromantic and haunting film fantasy. 2. Burtons richly entertaining update of the Frankenstein story is the years most comic, romantic and haunting film fantasy. 3. A personal film for Tim Burton, which also serves as a parable about the artist as an outsider, this lovely fairy tale began the long, fruitful collaboration with the endlessly versatile Johnny Depp. 4. A modern fairy tale about a deformed outsider whose innocence and gentle nature make him a freak in the eyes of the communityRead MoreHistory5499 Words   |  22 Pagesthat migrants could accrue was cultural. This era did see a marked increase in output by AfricanAmerican writers, visual artists, and musicians in New York City; this sparked interest in black culture, especially among upper-middle-class white New Yorkers, who came uptown to ‘‘experience’’ black life. Their cultural tourism led to signiï ¬ cant relationships between black artists and whites like Carl Van Vechten, who sought to promote their work. It also sustained nightclubs like the Cotton Club, aRead More Prufrock in the poem The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock Essay3665 Words   |  15 PagesPrufrock? contains T.S. Eliot?s perception on modern man, or in other words, the monotony and sordidness of the human condition. I believe he attempts to break the conventional modes of percept ion of the typical individual which perpetually takes new forms, and makes the reader see the world afresh from a new perspective. He does this by making us aware and engaging us in deeper feelings that we rarely penetrate. Eliot personally feels that modern man has an exiguous view on the quality of life and theRead MoreLecture on Short Story5432 Words   |  22 Pageslonger counterpart, the novel. Early narratives were best memorised and transmitted in a concentrated form: their brevity allowed for valuable life lessons to be assimilated in one sitting, such as the short tales that the older generations told to the young by the fire in order to prepare them for future challenges (what we have come to call â€Å"fairy or folk tales†) or the tales that uncovered the mysteries of life and death and the vagaries of natural phenomena in early religious ritual (what we now knowRead MorePlace8569 Words   |  35 Pagesbills were on a spindle. Two little boxes were there. The boxes were engraved with Hebrew letters. 9. One of the boxes was for the poor. The other was to buy back the Land of Israel. 10. A little man would appear. The man had a beard. He appeared every spring. He appeared in our kitchen. He would salute with a Hebrew blessing. The blessing was hurried. He would empty the boxes. Sometimes he would do this with a

British Columbias Publicly-Funded Immunization Programme

British Columbia’s (BC) publicly-funded immunization programme is supported by an effective and efficient evidence-based process for recommending new vaccines and for making adjustments to the existing programme. Background Recent years have seen an increase in the number of new vaccines available on the Canadian market, and increasing divergence in provincial and territorial immunization programmes as jurisdictions must choose among available health interventions with limited funding, incomplete and slow National recommendations and varying decision-making systems. Current National Processes In Canada, the Bureau of Biologics and Genetic Therapeutics Directorate (BGTD), a branch of Health Canada’s (HC) Federal Drug Administration, approve vaccine licensure. Health Canada works to maximize the safety and effectiveness of vaccines available in the Canadian healthcare system. Before a vaccine is considered for approval, sufficient scientific evidence must be collected and demonstrated. If there is sufficient evidence to support safety, efficacy or quality claims, the vaccine is licensed indicating that it is approved for sale in Canada. Subsequent to licensure federally two committees examine the safety and efficacy data. These two committees are the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) and the Canadian Immunization Committee (CIC). NACI is comprised of recognized experts in the fields of pediatrics, infectious diseases, immunology, medical

Indigenous Health System

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Health System. Answer: Introduction Cultural safety term was introduced by the New Zealand Nursing Council to improve the quality of health service by the Pakeha nurses to the Maori people. In 1992 a definition was given by the nursing council for the cultural safety as the proper nursing of the culturally diverse people by the nurses who has the knowledge about their own cultural background. They should acknowledge ethical, political and social environmental effect on the health and should be responsible to build a trustworthy and respectful relation with the client. Cultural safety is maintained by having an effective communication, acknowledging the cultural diversity of varied ethnic communities and the effect colonisation has caused on these communities. (New Zealand Council of Nursing, 2011). The nurses take an oath that they will not treat the people from different cultural background differently or badly but is it actually practised? Im not a racist, I treat everyone the same. The principle of equal treatment is a good measure to but does it really implies to all the people. As per Reibel Walker (2010) although the guidelines and polices focus on the importance of cultural competency in improving the maternal services of health care organization, there are no strategies to imply cultural competency in the services of health care organization to provide quality services to the aboriginal women. Health Equity and its Implication The difference between equality, equity and disparity in respect to public health is often misunderstood. One need to have a clear view of the meaning and implication of these terms especially when it is about health and is related to diverse people from many different cultures. Health equity implies that every individual has equal right to have good health in his life. Health services in Australia need to be accessible to everyone in the country. Not everyone in Australia have a good health. The no. of death and diseases, life expectancy, health behaviour, health literacy and the utilisation of the care services by the health organization is different in varied population group in Australia. (Health association of Australia, 2008). Health inequality is the difference in the resource distribution, access to services and the unfair circumstances. It is mainly related to the external factors which are not under control of an individual. Health inequalities are the result of injustice and inequalities that put some population communities highly susceptible to bad health than other population communities. Disparity in terms of health is very much observed in Australia referring to the diverse population groups. People living in the remote area, with low economic condition and having different cultural origin experience a noticeable disparity in the overall health outcome compared to the other people. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1999). Background Mortality rate and morbidity is high in case of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community women and their children whereas in the other women and babies this rate is low. The Australia Health Ministers Advisory Council (AHMAC) has made several new plans and strategies to minimise this difference and ensure good health to all its citizens mentioned in National Maternity Services Plan (NMSP) (2011b). The aboriginal women and the Torres Strait Island women in the villages and remote regions are not allowed to utilise the good quality health care and services by the health professionals. (Hirst, 2005; Kildea et al, 2010). Also the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community people were diagnosed with more than 3 times higher rate of having any form of diabetes compared to the other community people in Australia. They have a much higher rate of dying from diabetes (6 times greater) than the non- indigenous people. (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016). This shows that the functioning of the primary health care organization is not good and efficient to meet the demands of Indigenous people in Australia. As per the Queensland Council of Social Service (2011) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community in urban, villages and backward settings are unable to access health care since there are many ethnic, financial and regional barriers. Root Causes of the Disparity There are many factors responsible for the low health safety in case of indigenous people of Australia. The major problem is the lack of information about their health issues. There are not studies done on the relation of the relationship of the culturally diverse people with the other people or conditions within the community. (Pholi et al, 2009). As per Whitehall study people with lesser rate of control on the environmental situations will pose low health compared to the people with high degree of control, in reference to health behaviours, social determinants and environmental conditions. (Bosma et al, 1997).there is lesser knowledge about the control of Indigenous people of Australia on their health and the social wellbeing. (Australian Institute of Health and welfare, 2009). The national report on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander reports about the racial discrimination by the individuals (Australian Bureau of Statics) but there are no measures of racism in regards to Indigenous Australians in context to the broader population. Due to lack of information about the broader social issues and the inequities among the Australian communities, there are no measures to tackle with such issues on broader aspects. Cultural difference and racism is not measured on the social or broader level but is restricted to individual level. (Morrissey et al, 2004). People of colour have to face a very bad health effects compared to the white people in respect to disease and the treatment facilities for many severe and infectious diseases. Disparities based on the cultural and colour and race have been observed in other aspects also like social treatment, financial status and in terms of education. For eg. The death rate of babies is higher in case of black women who migh t have a graduation degree while it is low in case of white women who are still in high school. Financial status, qualification, and many other social environmental issues are although worth to notice yet not much considered on the broader aspect. Racism is not observed in biology. There is no genetic difference that discriminate people on the basis of their cultural background and colour. It is the outcome of the human behaviour and thoughts that cause teh discrimination among the same species. How Health Safety can be Achieved Good services should be offered to the indigenous population within the community setting to allow a better access by the women as soon as possible in their pregnancy. (NSW health, 2005; Reibel and Walker, 2009). Many models and strategies are designed especially for these women to improve their health. These programmes should intake health professionals from the indigenous communities for a better implication. (Kruske, S., 2012). The data analysis and record is must to ensure the access to the services by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait community women and the children. (Riebel Walker, 2010). Several consultations with the culturally diverse women is being done from the 30 years about the health services and they have recommended several changes in the hospitals which should be taken into consideration. They feel unsafe in the hospitals and are afraid about the safety of their new born. (Hirth, C., 2005). These people are associated with their land. Relocating them to distant hosp ital disrupt the relationship. (Scherman et al, 2008). The difference in the cultural, social and health literacy should be better analysed. (National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Strategy, 2000). The ethical, social and psychological issues that cause mental stress, self management and inefficient control over the circumstances are important issues to consider in relation to health of the culturally diverse population in comparison with health literacy. It is important to include these points to improve the services and provide a better health safety to these people. (Pincus et al, 1998). Nurses have to face many challenges while facing the diverse population clients having different cultural background. Various approaches and guidelines like transcultural nursing and cultural safety are established to overcome these issues. The major role of cultural safety guidelines is to ensure the services by the nurses to all the people irrespective of their colour, creed, cultural background or financial status. But with the growing disparity among the people with less knowledge about health literacy it became important to formulate plans to provide services as per the clients creed, cultural background and colour. (Papps Ramsden, 1996). Many surveys and studies relate the discrimination on the basis of colour and creed to poor health services. The effect of racism is very bad if continued for the whole life. It can lead to many severe and chronic stress and anxiety issues. The frustrations and the anger result in long term depression and stress diseases that cause adverse eff ect on the body of the individual who are victim of racism. Discrimination can be observed individually, socially and has an effect on the treatment given to these people, in terms of the jobs availability and the place of living and overall services and benefits they receive from the communities Cultural safety needs nurses to acknowledge their responsible and irresponsible attitudes towards the clients belonging to different cultural background, gender, colour or financial status. (NURS3005: Modules 1-5, 2016). Conclusion Nursing is a job which carries a lot of responsibilities. It requires providing the best care to the clients. To provide the best care facilities it is important for the nurses to undergo training that can help them to come up to the expectations of the various client. The care should be centralised to the people. Nursing should be in way to safeguard the cultural background especially in a country like Australia. The Aboriginal and the Torres Strait Islander Community should be treated with no cultural harm and should be provided facilities in their cultural beliefs and environment. References AHMAC. (2011b). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework Report 2010. Canberra: Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, Commonwealth of Australia. Australian Bureau of statistics. (1999). Health and socioeconomic disadvantage of area. Australian Social Trends 1999. Cat. No. 4102.0, Canberra: ABS. Viewed on 27 Sep 2016 from www.abs.gov.au Australian institute of health and welfare. (2009). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health performance framework 2008 report: detailed analyses, AIHW. Canberra [online[. Available on 27 Sep 2016 from https://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10664. Bosma et al. (1997). Low job control and risk of coronary health disease in Whitehall II (prospective cohort) study. BMJ. Vol. 314, no. 7080,558-565. Burns, J. (2016). Overview of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health status. Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. Perth, WA: Australian indigenous HealthInfoNet. Available on 27 Sep 2016 from https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/uploads/docs/2015-overview.pdf Hirth, C. (2005). Re-birthing, report of the review of maternity services in Queensland. Brisbane. Kildea, et al. (2010). Closing the Gap: How maternity services can contribute to reducing poor maternal infant health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. Rural and Remote Health 10. 1383. Kruske, S. (2012). Culturally competent maternity care for aboriginal and Torres Strait women report. Maternity services inter- jurisdictional committee. available on 27 Sep 2016 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/.../$file/culture.pdf Morrissey et al. (2004). Culture as a determinant of Aboriginal Health. Beyond bandaids: exploring the underlying social determinants of Aboriginal health. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Council. (2000). National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Strategy, consultation Draft. Canberra ACT: national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Council. New Zealand Council of Nursing. (2011). Guidelines for cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi, and Maori health in nursing education and practice. Wellington: nursing Council of New Zealand Papps, E Ramsden, I. (1996). Cultural safety in nursing: the New Zealand experience. International Journal for Quality Health Care. Vol. 8, no. 5, 491-497. Pholi et al. (2009). Is close the Gap a useful approach to improving the health and wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? Australian Review of public affairs. Vol 9, no. 2. 1-13. Australia: faculty of economics and business, the university of Sydney. Pincus et al. (1998). Social conditions and self- management are more powerful determinants of health and access to care. Annals of internal medicine. 129(5); 406- 411. Queensland Council of Social Service (QCOCC). (2011). health equity and access, West End, Queensland. Available on 27 Sep 2016 from https://www.qcoss.org.au/sites/default/files/QCOSS_Policy_Position_Aug_2011_Health_Equity_and_Access.pdf Reibel, T. Walker, R. (2010). Antenatal services for Aboriginal women: the relevance of cultural competence. Quality in Primary Care 18, 65-74. Scherman et al. (2008). The five year of a midwifery-led model of care in Far North Queensland. Medical Journal of Australia. 188(2):85-88. Transition to professional practises. (2016). School of Nursing midwifery. NURS3005. Tutorial streams 1-5 indigenous health.

United Arab Emirates. free essay sample

Please return the voltmeter to its case. 2. In his letter to us, he said that our proposal was a lot of hot air. 3. When will the new stationery be printed? 4. The new tax law will affect our accounting system; it will also have a major affect on our tax flow. 5. Abu Dhabi is the capital and principle city if the United Arab Emirates. 6. She has already read your letter and says your suggestion is all right with her. 7. Im sure youVe perceived the new title occurring after my name. In retracing his path, the courier was worried that he might have omitted something. 9. Both a and b are conventional. 10. Both a and c are correct. The blue book of grammar: The Commas quiz The commas quiz was really helpful. It made me stop and really think about the placement of a comma and why you need it there. We will write a custom essay sample on United Arab Emirates. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I learned a lot by taking the quiz, I saw situations where I wasnt using enough commas and situations where I was using too many. Affect vs. Effect quiz I have struggled a lot with the difference between these two words. I never really understood the meaning of each one and when to use which one. On my first attempt of this quiz I did terrible, I got 5 out of 11 questions right. Im glad I scored low though because it helped me understand the difference. Under each question I got wrong, it gave me tips as to when to use each word. On my second attempt I got 10 out of 11 questions right!

Critical Evaluation of a Marketing Concept (WCM) versus Marketing Practice (MLC)

Critical Evaluation of a Marketing Concept (WCM) versus Marketing Practice (MLC) Introduction Marketing has become an important factor in the current business world because it gives the organisation a competitive edge over its rivals. The essence of marketing is to inform consumers about the existence and value of products or services. Potential customers are also persuaded and convinced to purchase the products. Marketing is considered to be a critical function in business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Evaluation of a Marketing Concept (WCM) versus Marketing Practice (MLC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketing manager needs to understand the buying behaviour of customers to be able to choose the best strategies of marketing. The manager is able to properly analyse the market, as well as the market segmentation and choose the best market targets for the products or services (Kotler Keller, 2012). Organisational behaviour has shaped the views of researchers, academics, practi tioners, and journalists. Marketing practice and marketing concept are two terms that are used to explain this. These are two terms that are considered to be very important in organisations because they help in efficient marketing of products or services. This article is going to critically evaluate marketing concept and marketing practice. The paper will apply the two terms in a real world organisation, the Pizza Hut Company. The Pizza Hut Company is based in the United States, although it has branches internationally. Definition of Marketing practice (WLC) and Marketing concept (WCM) Marketing concept The aim of any organisation is to achieve its set goals and objectives. One of the ways the organisation can achieve its goals is through marketing. The term marketing concept can be defined as a philosophy of the organisation through which it can best achieve its goals and objectives by identifying customer needs and wants and satisfying them (Jobber, 2012). The term concept refers to a general structure of something, while the term marketing refers to the ways a product is moved through the distribution channel to reach the final consumer, or the target market. Therefore, it has to be considered that the marketing strategy should incorporate the needs of the target market when devising a marketing concept. The marketing concept includes approaches on how to deliver the required products to the market (Keegan Hollensen, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing practice These include the activities that are carried out in order to make a product or a service easier to market. These are activities like branding, blending, and product development. The activities give the company a competitive edge over its rivals. The marketing concept used by the Pizza Hut Company It is important to first understand the market before coming up with a s trategy on how to market the products. This includes understanding customers’ behaviours, as well as their needs and wants (Nakata, 2002). Pizza Hut has a clear understanding of the market, thus it has been able to establish its operations in many locations in the US and around the globe. The company understands the nature of the market and the competition it is bound to face from other companies, such as McDonald’s. It, therefore, positions itself strategically to get a competitive advantage over its rivals. The next factors in marketing concept are segmentation and market selection. It is important to note that the marketing role of Pizza Hut is to make sure that it meets all the consumer needs and make money in return. Market segmentation involves dividing the market depending on the needs of consumers. People who have similar needs and wants are put into one segment. The company is able to allocate its resources efficiently through market segmentation. Pizza Hut ha s been successful in addressing the needs of consumers and segmenting the market. Other marketing concepts that are of significance are differentiation and positioning. A company should produce goods or services that are unique in their own way. The products or services should be a notch higher than those of competitors (Blythe, 2005). The company produces goods that address the specific customer needs through differentiation. The goods are also unique compared to those of competitors. Pizza Hut offers different styles of pizza, thereby addressing specific consumer needs. The pizza then comes with side dishes. The accompaniments enhance the Pizza Hut products and position the company strategically in the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Evaluation of a Marketing Concept (WCM) versus Marketing Practice (MLC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketing manager needs to come up with a marketing plan that is effective in order to develop a successful marketing concept. The manager should plan how the products are developed and how they reach the customers (Silber Kearny, 2011). This involves the services offered by the company that help in attracting the customers. For instance, Pizza Hut restaurants are divided into 3 categories depending on the services offered. There is the full service restaurant where customers sit in the restaurant for service. There is also the home service restaurant where pizzas are delivered to customers in their homes. Finally, there is the restaurant based delivery that includes a full service restaurant together with deliveries, as well as take away services. The third category is a plan that is meant to reach a wide range of customers since it reaches those who are not willing to travel to the restaurants, as well as those who are willing to have their pizzas at the restaurants. Creativity and innovation are also present in the Pizza Hut Company. Creativity and innovation have made the company produce pizzas of different styles to suit the needs of a wide range of customers. Creativity and innovation have been the driving forces behind Pizza Hut Company’s success. The two factors have helped Pizza Hut become competitive and survive in the market that has competitive players such as McDonald’s. Creativity has played a part in the success of the company’s supply chain management. The company has restaurants all over the US and across the world (Chaffey Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). Its products are made in each restaurant to make its supply chain more effective. It also improves supply efficiency. Pizza Hut operates in a market structure that could be considered as monopolistic in nature since there are large players that tend to dominate a big share of the market. These are players like McDonald’s. Pizza Hut is also among the dominant restaurants considering that it has over 6,000 outlets in the US. Comp etitive organisations need to hire the best talents. This has to be done via careful recruitment, training, as well as career management (Chaffey, 2009). Top talents help the company in innovation and creativeness, thereby creating a competitive advantage for the firm.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pizza Hut has an HR department that ensures the best talent is recruited into the organisation. The management of Pizza Hut is comprised of skilled and knowledgeable people. The employees are also effective in decision making and implementation. Marketing Practice These are practices that give the business a competitive edge. A number of the practices are similar to those of marketing concepts. Some of the concepts include market assessment, competitive positioning, planning, product development, branding, segmentation, customer understanding, management, selection, supply chain management, market role definition, and talent management. All these practices are the similarities that are common with the idea of market concept and that of market practice (Palmer Hartley, 2011). However, there are other functions that are present in market practice, but they are not available in the market concept. They include portfolio management, market communications, promotions, pricing, sales sup port, and measuring performance. Portfolio management involves diversification that entails the company investing in products that have high potential of growth (Holbrook Hulbert, 2002). Pizza Hut has managed its portfolio effectively by offering different types of pizzas and side dishes in various locations. The company needs to have an effective marketing communication strategy to enhance its promotional activities and sales support. This will help it edge out the competition it faces from its closest rivals. Pricing will also be a viable practice, especially in the current competitive market. The Pizza Hut Company should offer products at relatively low prices, but it should also ensure profitability and quality of its products are maintained. The company needs to measure its performance to determine whether it is making profits or losses after all its marketing concepts and marketing practices have been applied. The company should consider reviewing its practices if it does not set objectives. On the other hand, Pizza Hut should find ways of maintaining the good performance and possibly improving if it meets its performance objectives. Conclusion and Recommendation Marketing is a source of competitive advantage to any organisation. The Pizza Hut Company has been able to adopt successful marketing concepts and practices. The concepts and practices enable the company to open operations in various locations in the US, as well as across nations. However, the company needs to improve on its pricing strategies in order to gain a competitive advantage over McDonald’s. McDonald’s is known for its cheap and quality products, which have been its major competitive tools. Pizza Hut can overtake McDonald’s if it reviews its pricing strategies. Marketing communication and promotion should also be stepped up to popularize Pizza Hut’s products. List of References Blythe, J 2005, Principles and practice of marketing, Thomson Learning, London Ch affey, D 2009, Internet marketing: Strategy, implementation and practice, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow Chaffey, D, Ellis-Chadwick, F 2012, Digital marketing: Strategy, implementation and practice, Pearson, Harlow Holbrook, MB, Hulbert, JM 2002, ‘Elegy on the death of marketing: Never send to know why we have come to bury marketing but ask what you can do for your country churchyard’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 36, no. 5/6, pp. 706 732 Jobber, D 2012 Principles and practice of marketing, McGraw-Hill, London Keegan, WJ, Hollensen, S 2012, Global marketing management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Kotler, P, Keller, KL 2012, Marketing management, Pearson Education, Harlow Nakata, C 2002, ‘Activating the marketing concept in a global context: An MNC country managers’ perspective’, International Marketing Review, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 39 – 64 Palmer, A, Hartley, B 2011, The business environment, McGraw-Hill Professiona l, New York, NY Silber, KH Kearny, L 2011, Organizational intelligence: A guide to understanding the business of your organization for HR, training, and performance consulting, Pfeiffer, San Francisco, CA

The Ultimate Study Guide for SAT Reading Strategies, Tips, and Practice

The Ultimate Study Guide for SAT Reading Strategies, Tips, and Practice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We've created the best guide to the SAT Reading section out there. This is not just us tooting our own horns. By reading many SAT prep books as well as studying the CollegeBoard’s own resources, we've been able to take the best aspects of each and combine them into a magnificent Frankenstein’s monster of a guide. We cover each SAT Reading question type in detail, organized not by how the questions are asked, but by the essential underlying skills the questions are testing. You'll get the best SAT Reading tips and strategies available, as well as information about how to get the most out of your SAT Reading practice and prep. If you're looking for a comprehensive guide to SAT Reading and how to improve your SAT Reading score, the information provided herein is invaluable. Master all these concepts, use realistic practice questions, and learn how to learn from your mistakes, and you'll be able to increase your SAT Reading score drastically. This article is organized into three sections. We'll start with understanding SAT Reading section at a high level, followed by going into SAT Reading questions in depth and delineating the skills tested by each question type. Finally, we'll end with study plans and how to maximize your study time for score improvement. I suggest that you read the articles in order (as listed) on your first time through. In the future, you can use this guide as a reference page to come back to as you progress in your test prep. feature image credit: Enquire Within Upon Everything by Jeremy Keith, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. High Level Guidance for SAT Reading These guides lay the groundwork for your SAT Reading practice and preparation. Read on to find out how to approach SAT Reading, and what high level strategies to always keep in mind. What's Actually Tested On SAT Reading? Make sure you understand the format of the SAT Reading section- it might be different from what you expect. Get a detailed overview of what types of questions are on SAT Reading, and what people think is tested but really isn't. The Fundamental Rule Of SAT Reading(Must Read) There are many skills you need to excel on SAT Reading, but ultimately there is one rule that should guide your SAT Reading practice and prep. Using this rule, you will be able to understand the SAT Reading section and eliminate answer choices like never before. This should underlie all of your SAT Reading prep from this point on. The Best Ways To Read The Passage On SAT Reading There is no one right way to read the passages on SAT Reading. This doesn’t mean, however, that some ways aren’t more effective than others. We show you three ways to read the Reading passages and teach you to decide for yourself which way will work best for you. How To Get An 800 On SAT Reading: 10 Strategies From A Perfect Scorer Our ultimate SAT Reading guide covers motivation, study strategies, and more, based on the experience of our resident perfect scorer (and PrepScholar co-founder) Allen Cheng. Use these strategies in your studying to aim for a top score. How To Improve Your Low SAT Reading Score The strategies you’ll need to use if you’re aiming for a 30/40 on the SAT Reading section are not the same as those needed by perfect scorers. If you have a low SAT Reading score and need help getting up to a 30/40 on Reading (or a 600/800 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing), this article can help. SAT Reading Skills These guides go into detail about major question types on the SAT Reading test. Learn about the skills each question type is testing, get strategies for dealing with these questions, read our walkthroughs of actual SAT Reading questions, and try out some practice questions. Reading Comprehension Skills and Strategies Big Picture Questions You need to be able to separate details from what’s important to find main point or primary purpose of a paragraph, series of paragraphs, or a passage. This involves being able to read a sizeable amount of text and glean from it what’s important. Inference Questions Being able to draw (supported) inferences is the most important skill to have on SAT Reading. You must be able to make logical deductions, based on information in the passage. This means that you’ll need to be able to separate out what â€Å"could be possible, depending on a few things† from what â€Å"is likely true, given the information stated in the passage.† Words in Context: Key SAT Reading and Writing Strategies The most direct way you'll be tested on vocabulary in the SAT Reading section is through questions that ask you to explain the meaning of words in context in the passage. Often, all the answer choices will be correct for a certain definition of the word- it's up to you to figure out which meaning is being used in that particular context. Evidence Support Questions One of the most common types of questions on SAT Reading, Evidence Support questions test your ability to find the answer that best backs up your answer to the previous question. We go over the different ways you'll be tested on your command of evidence, walk you through sample questions, and give you essential tips for mastering this skill. How to Analyze Data Graphics on SAT Reading On the new SAT Reading section, you need be able to interpret graphics and tables as well as passages. Discover what analytical skills you'll need to successfully answer these quantitative questions and how to train for the three to six data analysis questions that appear on every SAT Reading section. Little Picture/Detail Questions Just as important as being able to understand the big picture in SAT Reading passages is being able to locate specific details. For little picture questions on SAT Reading, you'll need to be able hunt down specific information in a passage, whether you're given a line number or not. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT, but you can still skim it for general reading tips that are applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Function Questions Other questions on SAT Reading ask you to define not just what a phrase, line, or series of lines says, but what it does, or what effect something like italics or extra quotation marks has on a sentence. These function questions may seem as if they're asking you to read the author's mind, which is a futile endeavor. Find out how to translate questions that seem to require psychic abilities into ones that you can actually answer! The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT, but the tips are still applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Author Technique Questions Everyone should take a look at author technique questions, even if it’s just to get a look at how these questions are asked. For the completionist SAT Reading studier, we’ve included strategies focused on questions that ask about tone and mood. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT,but the tips are still applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Analogy Questions You may have thought that analogy question disappeared entirely from SAT Reading, but au contraire! They are still there, just sneaky (and rare). If you want to make sure you've covered absolutely everything you need to know about SAT Reading, you'll need to learn how to deal with analogy questions in their current form. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT,but the tips are still applicable to the new SAT Reading section. Max can be stealthy by Tomi Tapio K, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Felinopomorphic representation of the stealth analogy questions on SAT Reading. Special Guides The Vocabulary You Must Know For SAT Reading The skills you need for SAT Reading are pretty different from those developed in your standard high school English literature class, but there is sometimes a little bit of overlap in terminology. If you aren’t fluent in what words like "metaphor," "anecdote," and "irony" mean, you’ll need to learn a few terms. How to Attack Paired Passages on SAT Reading This is the passage type on the SAT Reading section with some of the trickiest questions (because it includes questions that ask about multiple passages). You’ll need to make sure you have the right tools to get the job (of doing well on paired passage questions) done. The examples in this article are not updated for the new SAT, but you can still skim it for general reading tips that are applicable to the new SAT Reading section. How Science/Math People Can Do Well On SAT Reading Do you consistently struggle with your SAT Reading score, even though you do really well on the more concrete Math and Writing sections? Read this article for guidance on how to apply the analytical skills you already have to SAT Reading. Which Question Types Show Up The Most Often On SAT Reading? Not all question types show up on the SAT Reading section with the same frequency. Find out which are the questions you need to invest the most time in preparing for and which you might be able to skip preparing for altogether. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! SAT Reading Strategies and Tips Now that you understand the SAT Reading section at a deeper level, the next step is to actually apply your knowledge and work on improving your skills. The guides I've linked to below will help you structure your SAT Reading practice and make sure you're prepping in a way that will be reflected on test day. The Best SAT Reading Practice Tests If you're not going to use high quality materials for your SAT Reading practice, you're basically just throwing away your time. We've gathered for you a comprehensive list of all the SAT Reading practice tests out there (including links to free resources) and advice on which are the best and which you should avoid at all costs. Stop Running Out Of Time On SAT Reading Ever run out of time on SAT Reading? You're definitely not alone. Your ability to read quickly and thoroughly under time pressure is one of those skills that is informally tested by SAT Reading. This article has tips for those whose reading pace does not match the frenetic pace necessitated by the SAT Reading section. How to Master SAT Reading Questions: A 5-Step Process Sometimes it's hard to know where exactly to begin with finding the answers to SAT Reading questions- unlike with SAT Math or Writing and Language, there are no equations you can plug numbers into or grammatical rules to refer to. Use the five-step framework outlined in this article as a way to systematize your approach to every SAT Reading question. The Best Way To Practice SAT Reading Hey, you're a busy person. You probably have limited time for test prep (unless you can control time, in which case I have some other questions for you), which means you need to make sure you're going about preparing for the SAT Reading section in as efficient a manner as possible. Create your own SAT Reading action plan using the advice in this article. PrepScholar's Top 4 SAT Reading Strategies It's all very well and good to attack SAT Reading head on, but there is also value in strategy. Use this compilation of our best SAT Reading strategies as a reference during your SAT Reading prep. Find the strategies that work best for you and apply them as needed. 10 Essential SAT Reading Tips In need of some quick fixes you can use to improve your SAT Reading score? This is the article for you. Read through these tips if you're running short on study time and could use a quick score boost. The Best Books To Use For SAT Reading Practice When online resources aren’t always enough, students often turn to books to help with their SAT prep. But which books are the best for SAT Reading? How can you be sure? Be certain you're using the best resources available with our list in hand. Evidence-Based Reading and Writing Overview and Tips On the new SAT, your performance on the Reading and Writing sections is combined into one out-of-800 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score. Learn what skills are tested across both the Reading and Writing sections and the most effective ways to boost your overall Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score. Vocabulary-Specific Strategies How to Study Vocabulary for the New 2016 SAT Reading The new SAT doesn't have sentence completion questions, but that doesn't mean that you don't need to know advanced vocabulary to answer certain question types. Learn about the ways you'll be tested on vocab meaning and usage on the new SAT with this article. The Best Way To Study Vocabulary for SAT Reading Do you do okay with most Reading question skills, but struggle with words-in-context questions or more complicated passages? This article covers the best way to learn new vocabulary for the SAT Reading test and gives you lists of the most commonly tested words you'll need to know. Using the method laid out in this article, you'll learn more words in less time by focusing on the words that are hard for you. The 262 SAT Vocab Words You Need To Know If you're going to make the time to study vocab for the SAT, you should absolutely study the most frequently-seen words. Use this free resource to guide your SAT Reading practice. Best SAT Reading Vocab Lists On The Web Already powered through our list of 200+ vocab words and looking for more? Go through this guide to get more sources for more SAT Reading vocabulary lists. The Best SAT Vocabulary Practice: Tips and Resources Do you struggle to learn new vocabulary just through brute-force memorization? Explore other ways to get comfortable with unfamiliar words and learn how to apply your increased vocab knowledge successfully on the SAT. What’s Next? Whew. That is a lot of information, but then again, there is a lot of information to process about SAT Reading if you want to do well. And of course, it's not enough to just read all these articles- even for SAT Reading, merely reading does not automatically boost your score. After reading these articles, you have to take the next steps: Go out and forage for high quality materials. First and foremost, this means practicing with real SATs, but it also means making sure you only use the highest quality SAT Reading practice material, like this guide (shameless plug). Diagnose your SAT Reading weaknesses and review your mistakes. Stay motivated. We have some great tips for this in our article on how to achieve a perfect score on the SAT. If all of this seems daunting, it’s worth checking out our SAT test prep platform. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Case study, Greener Pastures The Launch of StaGreen by HydroCan Study

, Greener Pastures The Launch of StaGreen by HydroCan - Case Study Example This newly created product is said to have been unable to retain water for long once applied on several grass types hence cutting down on the desire for frequent advertising and extra water (MacKenzie 96). However, despite their anxiety to launch their product into the market, they direly needed adequate answers to a variety of questions e.g. the type of segment to set its target, the way to position this new product and the type of strategy for launching the product. The marketing consultants effectively made an analysis of the communication options, prices, costs and markets. Their eventual task was to come up with a comprehensive strategy in order for the new firm to launch its newly designed product. After a comprehensive analysis of this product, it was deduced that the product was extremely beneficial and had the same appearance other fertilizers although it had a significant impact on most common grass types’ root systems. This product also had the ability to reduce the desire for manual watering processes up on most grass types by almost up to 40 percent thus rendering the product to be of considerably high demand (MacKenzie 96). The key issue that needed to be addressed is the type of market to be initially targeted for this new product. There had been a variety of clashing views regarding the target market segment; this firm’s CEO intended to make its initial market segment target as garden market and consumer lawn while Mr. Humphreys preferred the target to be directed to garden market and commercial lawn. Because the two markets needed an extremely different launch strategy, choosing an appropriate segment had been the principal concern. Since both leaders possessed entirely biased positions, the consultants were aware that they had a difficult task of presenting strong, viable reasons to support all their recommendations. In order to render the

Hillary R. Clinton for President in 2016 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hillary R. Clinton for President in 2016 - Essay Example In a democratic country, the citizens in a process of free and fair elections elect the government. In every four-year cycle, the USA holds its presidential elections. The current USA President a Democrat, Barrack Obama, is successfully coming to the end of his tenure. According to the Twenty-second Amendment to the USA Constitution, a president can only serve a maximum of two terms. Therefore, President Barack Obama will not be seeking re-election. Bearing this in mind the Democratic Party has received a number of potential candidates who are seeking to run for the presidency on its ticket. Hillary Rodham Clinton name is among the list of potential Democratic Party candidates who have expressed their interests (Stern). Hillary Clinton has a wealth of experience in the public life and politics. Her experience in public life had begun long before she was the First Lady of the USA from 1993 to 2001. She attended Wellesley College in 1965 where she was majoring in political science. In her first year at the College, she was elected the president of the Wellesley Young Republicans. It was her first public office among the many that she would later hold. She earned her law degree from Yale Law School. Hillary Clinton got married in 1975during a private ceremony to Bill Clinton. Her life in Arkansas was busy as she joined Rose Law Firm and going up its ranks to make partner (Carl). She was further thrust into the public limelight in 1978 when her husband, Bill Clinton, was elected the Governor of Arkansas. Being a first lady kept her engaged and busy for the next 12 years. She was juggling her duties as Arkansas’ First Lady, a mother, and serving on the boards of different corporations. She was th rust into the political light in 1993 when she became USA’s First Lady. Hillary Clinton has over 12 years’ experience in politics serving in different capacities. For

Curleys Wife Essay Example for Free

Curleys Wife Essay What methods does Steinbeck use to present Curley’s wife and the attitudes of other to her? And How Does Steinbeck present attitudes to women in the society in which the novel is set? The novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is set in a very patriarchal society, a society in which men dominate women and use them for their own needs. Women, who lived within this society, were not seen equal to men. Steinbeck uses many different language techniques to describe Curley’s wife. She plays a complex and misfit character in the novel and is made to sound like a ‘tart’ as mentioned by George himself. Curley uses her for his own needs and controls her. As Curley’s wife walks through the bunk house, ‘the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off’, describing the fact that it goes dark, a sign of evil and danger. A very strong sense of foreboding is given and this continues throughout the text yet, getting stronger. Curley’s wife is kept away from the men. ‘A girl was standing Looking in’. Curley’s wife is standing at the doorway like there’s an invisible barrier, preventing her from entering the men’s dorm. This is because the men don’t want her mixing in with them. They are afraid to talk to her as it would result in losing their jobs. She is ostracised and excluded from the male fraternity. She knows her beauty is her power, and she uses it to flirt with the ranch hands and make her husband jealous. She is utterly alone on the ranch, and her husband has seen to it that no one will talk to her without fearing a beating. For this specific reason, Curley’s wife uses ‘I’m lookin’ for Curley’ as a pick up line to get through to the other men even if it means getting a hello. She mentions this twice throughout the text. Once when she’s talking to George and another when she’s talking to Slim however, the men still keep their distance in fear of Curley. Because of her beauty, ‘Lennie’s eyes move down over her body’. Lennie finds her attractive and wants to touch her like he did to the girl in the red dress. As mentioned in the beginning of the novel, the ‘girl in the red dress’ was trouble for George and Lennie. This is creates an atmosphere of foreboding. Curley and his wife’s relationship isn’t very tight so for this reason, Curley’s wife tries to seek companionship but goes about it the wrong by openly flirting and dressing to impress. She had full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes. Heavily made up’. She covers her face in make-up and puts on an innocent look however it creates the thought she’s seducing in the readers head. As well as this, she uses a flirtatious but coy voice,’ her voice has a nasal, brittle quality’. Brittle meaning fragile, proves that she talk the way she does for friendly attention. Not just to gain sexual attention. As I have previously mentioned, Curley’s wife has a very complex character in which she is, at some points, made to sound naive and at some points very seducing. To back up my point, during mid text, Curley’s wife ‘puts her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward’. At this point, Curley’s wife starts to seduce. She does this because, her pick up line didn’t gain much attention from George as he simply replied, ‘he was in here a minute ago, but he went’. Curley’s wife does so much for someone to talk to her but doesn’t go about it the right way. On the other hand, Curley’s wife has a lot of importance in the novel. At the beginning of the text, Steinbeck uses the colour ‘red’ many times. In this particular piece of text, ‘red’ isn’t just an ordinary colour but has much more depth to. It’s repeated in the first paragraph thrice. ‘Her finger nails were red†¦and red mules†¦red ostrich feathers’. ‘Red’ is mainly associated with Curley’s wife who is symbolic to Eve- the female character who, in the biblical story ( the garden of Even) bring sin and death to the society. However, ‘red’ also represents the anger of a bull, which, relating back to the novel, attracts Lennie similar to ‘the girl in the red dress’. It also signifies love, impurity and desire, the type of attention Curley’s wife is looking for. Yet, also, ‘red’ in a traffic light, stop and look. As I previously mentioned, the novel was set in a patriarchal society. The women had no dignity and no rights to speak up for themselves or make their own decisions. Similarly, Curley’s wife is treated with a very low level of respect and is isolated from the male society. She has no possession of her own name and is classified as a ‘tart’. The men don’t try to talk to her because of the fear of Curley and the consequences they would face after. Finally, Curley’s wife gets worried when she finds out that Curley went back to their house. She was suddenly apprehensive†¦ and she scurried away’. Curley likes to fight with big men, so if he finds out that his wife was in the bunk house with the big man, he’ll be sure to pick out a fight once he finds her. To conclude my essay, Curley’s wife is treated like a no ‘one and has no importance in the eyes of the men . She is treated similar to Candy and Crooks like she’s good for nothing and only good to be used as a toy. Steinbeck indirectly mentioned the rights of women and discrimination in this novel through the way Curley treats his wife and the way the men are scared to talk to her.

Communication Essay -- Effective Communication, Barriers

This assignment discusses barriers to, and methods of, effective communication with people who are confused by reflecting on my experience in communicating with an elderly confused patient. Specifically, and within the scope of this assignment, I reflect on two methods of effective communication with elderly confused patients; one verbal (reality orientation) and one non-verbal (touch). During my first placement I was asked to assist in the care of Elsie (pseudonym), an 86 year old lady admitted to hospital with a fracture to her hip and a urinary tract infection (UTI). Elsie was suffering from frequent periodic episodes of confusion; however this was not due to a diagnosed cognitive disorder. Manos and Braun (2006) and Keenan (2011a) say that elderly patients with a bone fracture or a UTI often present with confusion; which is a disorder of brain function (Manos and Braun, 2006). The elderly are more prone to confusion when they are ill because, with increasing age, kidney size and renal blood flow decrease causing a reduction in renal threshold (Keenan, 2011b). When Elsie was in a confused state I found it difficult to interpret what Elsie was trying to communicate to me because her responses to my questions did not make sense. When communicating with Elsie I consciously used the active listening SOLER (Sit square-on, Open posture, Lean forward, Eye contact, Relax) model (Egan, 2010) that I had been taught at University. I used this to show Elsie I was listening and to help me try to understand what Elsie was communicating. I felt frustrated because although I used SOLER, slowed down my normal pace of communication and repeated what I was saying, Elsie’s responses still did not make sense. The National Health Service (NHS, 2... ...aching on a patient’s personal space. I should therefore use a calm reassuring voice with the use of touch. I find it comforting to know that Oliver and Redfern (1991) say that the use of touch is a skill that can be acquired and learnt. Reflecting on my experience communicating with Elsie I have learnt about two communication techniques (reality orientation and the use of touch) that will help me communicate more effectively with an elderly confused patient. I have realised I need to find out more about using expressive touch in communication and the use of other verbal and non-verbal techniques that can help in communicating with elderly confused patients, such as effective use of paralinguistic communication. This will give me greater confidence in communicating with elderly confused patients because I will have additional strategies to bring to the situation.

Chemistry 208 All QUIZ Essay

The Scientific Method Step 1: Performing Experiments Step 2: Making Observations Step 3: Proposing a Hypothesis Step 4: Confirming the Hypothesis Step 5: Proposing a Scientific Law Scientific Notation It is a mathematical expression in which a number is expressed as N x 10^n where N contains only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal and n is an integer. Rules for Determining Significant Figures (digits) -All nonzero digits are significant figures -Counting begins from the left with the first nonzero number -Zeros between nonzero digits are counted as sig. Figures -Terminal zeros (zeros to the right of the right of a number) are always significant if the value contains a decimal point. Ex: 2. 3700 g: 5 significant figures 17. 50 mL: 4 significant figures Rule 1- In calculations involving measured values (with a certain # of sig. figs), the number of sig figs in the final answer depends on the operation performed. Rule 2- In multiplication and division of measured quantities, the final answer contains the same number of sig figs as are in the measurement with the least number of sig figs. Rule 3- In the final answer of a calculation involving exact numbers, unit conversion factors and constants, the number of significant figures is dictated by the measured quantity involved. Density = Mass/ Volume Matter: The term matter is used to describe things that occupy space and are perceivable by our senses. It can be classifies in terms of its physical state or chemical composition. Elements: composed of one type of atom. Classified as a metal, nonmetal or metalloid. Compound: a combination of elements in a definite proportion. Atoms of each individual elements are chemically combined to form the compound. A chemical change can break down a compound into its individual elements. Mixture: a non-pure substance made of 2 or more elements or compounds that can be separated by physical procedures. Protons have a positive charge, found in the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge, found in the nucleus. Electrons have a negative charge. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms. The mass number is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom. To calculate the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Molecules are a combination of atoms in a definite proportion e. g. , molecule of water Ions are charged species formed by loss or gain of electron(s) from an atom. Loss of electron – cation (positively charged) Gain of electron – anion (negatively charged)

US Intelligence Community: From Past to Present Essay

The US Intelligence Community can be traced back to the yearss of the 1776 Revolution. The nation’s foremost spyhead. General George Washington used undercover agents to accurately nail the motions of the British Army during the Revolutionary War. The British Army besides employed undercover agents to place possible dissenters in the largely loyalist South. The Revolution besides produced the country’s foremost cryptographer. Dr. Benjamin Church. Dr. Church posed as a member of the Boston ‘school’ while supplying indispensable intelligence about Rebel activities to General Gage. the British commanding officer of Boston. After his assignment as head sawbones of the Continental Army. he continued to supply necessary information to the British. Dr. Church place was compromised after Samuel West deciphered a missive the former sent to the British. Dr. Church was sent into expatriate. What by and large struck me was the engagement of Benjamin Franklin in spy games. Franklin became the head of the country’s foremost formal intelligence-gathering bureau – the alleged ‘Committee of Secret Correspondence. ’ This bureau was formed in 1775 with the primary end of garnering information about sentiments towards the Revolutionary War in Europe. However. the bureau extended its authorization. It authorized its ‘employees’ to utilize necessary methods in ‘influencing support for the Revolution in Europe. ’ Franklin. through a secret dialogue. asked France to supply Gallic military personnels. France offered both its ground forces and naval forces to back up the American revolutionists. After the Revolution. the American Intelligence Community adopted an isolationist stance. The bureau became one of the primary organisations tasked to the edifice of a state. Espionage was viewed as a tool for defence – ne'er a public-service corporation for increasing colonial influence. As a consequence. the Gallic. Spanish. and British had small problem larning American activities. During the War of 1812. US governments were able to nail British motions in the continent ( and the purpose of firing Washington ) . However. no one knew how to utilize the procured information. American intelligence was awkward and supra-inefficient. The first major spring in the development of a sophisticated intelligence system came during the American Civil War. Both Union and the Confederacy used undercover agents non merely for information-gathering but besides for sabotage. Allan Pinkerton formed an intelligence community tasked to supplying war information to General McClelland. In the South. General Robert E. Lee relied on the alleged ‘Canadian Cabinet’ – a group of Southern leaders who directed espionage against the Union. Although both sides were able to develop efficient intelligence systems. many military commanding officers belittled the importance of intelligence in military runs. It was merely during American’s entry to the First World War that American military commanding officers began to see the existent advantages of an effectual intelligence community. This can be exhibited by the creative activity of the convoy system. American undercover agents in Europe sent critical information about the activities of U-boats in the Atlantic ( its motions. possible marks. and scheme ) . Based on the information. the President ordered the creative activity of a convoy system which could protect merchant ships traversing the Atlantic Ocean. After the First World War. the United States had a really efficient and effectual intelligence community.

LSAT Logical Reasoning Sample Practice Questions

LSAT Logical Reasoning Sample Practice Questions The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. Question 1 Biologists attached a radio transmitter to one of a number of wolves that had been released earlier in the White River Wilderness Area as part of a relocation project. The biologists hoped to use this wolf to track the movements of the whole pack. Wolves usually range over a wide area in search of prey, and frequently follow the migrations of their prey animals. The biologists were surprised to find that this particular wolf never moved more than five miles away from the location in which it was first tagged. Which one of the following, if true, would by itself most help to explain the behavior of the wolf tagged by the biologists? A.  The area in which the wolves were released was rocky and mountainous, in contrast to the flat, heavily-wooded area from which they were taken.   B. The wolf had been tagged and released by the biologists only three miles away from a sheep ranch that provided a large, stable population of prey animals. C.  The White River Wilderness Area had supported a population of wolves in past years, but they had been hunted to extinction. D.  Although the wolves in the White River Wilderness Area were under government protection, their numbers had been sharply reduced, within a few years of their release, by illegal hunting. E.  The wolf captured and tagged by the biologists had split off from the main pack whose movements the biologists had hoped to study, and its movements did not represent those of the main pack. Answer below. Scroll down. Question 2 As any economist knows, healthy people pose less of an economic burden to society than unhealthy people. Not surprisingly, then, every dollar our state government spends on prenatal care for undocumented immigrants will save taxpayers of this state three dollars. Which of the following, if true, would best explain why the statistics cited above are not surprising? A.  The state’s taxpayers pay for prenatal care of all  immigrants. B.  Babies born in this state to undocumented immigrant parents are entitled to infant care benefits from the state. C.  State benefits for prenatal care serve to promote undocumented immigration. D.  Babies whose mothers did not receive prenatal care.are just as healthy as other babies. E.  Pregnant women who do not receive prenatal care are more likely to experience health problems than other pregnant women. Question 3 Beautiful beaches attract people, no doubt about it. Just look at this city’s beautiful beaches, which are among the most overcrowded beaches in Florida. Which of the following exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to the one exhibited in the argument above? A.  Moose and bear usually appear at the same drinking  hole at the same time of day. Therefore, moose and  bear must grow thirsty at about the same time. B.  Children who are scolded severely tend to misbehave.more often than other children. Hence if a child is not scolded severely that child is less likely to misbehave. C.  This software program helps increase the work  efficiency of its users. As a result, these users  have more free time for other activities. D.  During warm weather, my dog suffers from fleas  more so than during cooler weather. Therefore,  fleas must thrive in a warm environment. E. Pesticides are known to cause anemia in some people.  However, most anemic people live in regions where  pesticides are not commonly used. Answers to LSAT Logical Reasoning Questions Question 1: Most wolves range over a wide area in search of prey; this particular wolf hung around the same area. An explanation that immediately suggests itself is that this particular wolf found enough prey in this area, so it didn’t have to run all over looking for food. This is the tack taken by B. If the wolf had a large stable population of sheep on which to pray in the immediate vicinity, there was no need for it to range over a wide territory looking for food. A  doesn’t have much direct bearing on this particular wolf’s lack of mobility. While it’s true that a wolf might find it harder to move around in the mountainous  country, the stimulus says that  wolves, in general, tend to cover great distances in search of food. There’s no hint that a wolf in a mountainous area should prove an exception to this rule. C  is irrelevant: While the White River Wilderness Area may once have supported a population of wolves, knowing this does nothing to explain the behavior of this particular wolf. D, if anything, gives what seems to be a reason for our wolf to make tracks and migrate somewhere else.  Certainly,  D doesn’t explain why our wolf didn’t follow usual wolf hunting methods. E answers the wrong question; it would help explain why the naturalists couldn’t use our wolf to study the movements of the larger pack. However, we haven’t been asked that; we want to know why this specific wolf didn’t behave the way wolves usually do. Question 2 The argument relies on the unstated assumption that prenatal care results in better health and therefore less cost to society. E helps to affirm this assumption. A  is irrelevant to the argument, which makes no distinction between undocumented immigrants and other immigrants. B describes benefits that  might  decrease the overall tax burden, but only if the prenatal care program serves to reduce  the amount of  infant-care benefits paid. The argument does not inform us whether this is the case. Thus it is impossible to assess the extent to which B would explain how the prenatal care would save the taxpayers money. C actually renders the statistics  more  surprising, by providing evidence that prenatal care will add to society’s economic burden. D also renders the statistics  more  surprising, by providing evidence that the cost of the prenatal care program will  not  be offset by a particular health benefit- a benefit which would lessen the taxpayers\’ economic burden. Question 3 The correct response to Question 3 is (D). The original argument bases a conclusion that one phenomenon causes another on an observed correlation between the two phenomena. The argument boils down to the following: Premise:  X (beautiful beach) is correlated with Y (crowd  of people).Conclusion:  X (beautiful beach) causes Y (crowd of people). Answer choice (D) demonstrates the same pattern of reasoning: Premise:  X (warm weather) is correlated with Y (fleas).Conclusion:  X (warm weather) causes Y (fleas). (A) demonstrates a different pattern of reasoning than the original argument: Premise:  X (moose at the drinking hole) is correlated with Y (bears at the drinking hole).Conclusion:  X (moose) and Y (bear) are both caused by Z (thirst). (B) demonstrates a different pattern of reasoning than the original argument: Premise:  X (scolding children) is correlated with Y (misbehavior among children).Assumption:  Either X causes Y, or Y causes X.Conclusion:  Not X (no scolding) will be correlated with not Y (no misbehavior). (C) demonstrates a different pattern of reasoning than the original argument: Premise:  X (software program) causes Y (efficiency).Assumption:  Y (efficiency) causes Z (free time).Conclusion:  X (software program) causes Z (free time). (E) demonstrates a different pattern of reasoning than the original argument. In fact, (E) is not a complete argument; it contains two premises but no conclusion: Premise:  X (pesticides) causes Y (anemia).Premise:  Not X (pesticide-free regions) is correlated with Y (anemia).

History of Computer Printers

History of Computer Printers The history of computer printers started in 1938 when  Chester Carlson  invented a dry printing process called electrophotography commonly called a Xerox, the foundation technology for laser printers to come. In 1953, the first high-speed printer was developed by Remington-Rand for use on the  Univac  computer.   The original laser printer called EARS was developed at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center beginning in 1969 and completed in November  1971. Xerox Engineer Gary Starkweather adapted Xerox copier technology adding a laser beam to it to come up with the laser printer. According to Xerox, The Xerox 9700 Electronic Printing System, the first xerographic laser printer product, was released in 1977. The 9700, a direct descendant from the original PARC EARS printer which pioneered in laser scanning optics, character generation electronics, and page formatting software, was the first product on the market to be enabled by PARC research. IBM Printer According to IBM, the very first IBM 3800 was installed in the central accounting office at F. W. Woolworth’s North American data center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1976. The IBM 3800 Printing System was the industry’s first high-speed, laser printer. It was a laser printer that operated at speeds of more than 100 impressions-per-minute. It was the first printer to combine laser technology and electrophotography according to IBM. Hewlett-Packard In 1992, Hewlett-Packard released the popular LaserJet 4, the first 600 by 600 dots per inch resolution laser printer.   In 1976, the inkjet printer was invented, but it took until 1988 for the inkjet to become a home consumer item with Hewlett- Packards release of the DeskJet inkjet printer, priced at a whopping $1000.   The History of Printing The earliest dated printed book known is the Diamond Sutra, printed in China in 868 CE. However, it is suspected that book printing may have occurred long before this date.   Before Johannes Gutenberg, printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum.  Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders. Gutenberg  was a German craftsman and inventor. Gutenberg is best known for the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing press machine that used movable type. It remained the standard until the 20th century. Gutenberg made printing cheap. Ottmar Mergenthalers invention of the linotype composing the machine  in 1886 is regarded as the greatest advance in printing since the development of moveable type 400 years earlier. Teletypesetter, a device for setting type by  telegraph, was  developed by F.E. Gannett of Rochester, New York, W.W. Morey of East Orange, New Jersey, and Morkrum-Kleinschmidt Company, Chicago, Illinois The first demo of Walter Moreys Teletypesetter took place in Rochester, New York, in 1928. Louis Marius Moyroud and Rene Alphonse Higonnet developed the first practical phototypesetting  machine. The phototypesetter that used a strobe light and a series of optics to project characters from a spinning disk onto photographic paper. In 1907, Samuel Simon of Manchester England was awarded a patent for the process of using silk fabric as a printing screen. Using materials other than silk for screen printing has a long history that begins with the ancient art of stenciling used by the Egyptians and Greeks as early as 2500 B.C.

A Network Solution for Alpha Omega Technical Industries Case Study

A Network Solution for Alpha Omega Technical Industries - Case Study Example The network will guarantee particular degrees of performance, security, and availability in the process of satisfying client needs (Rangan, 1987). The network will link computers with a broad spectrum of performance that will also run various operating systems. In future, the performance of networks will vary from one area to other depending on the speed of communication lines such as the installation of fiber optic cables. The new system will give room to the user to apply knowledge regarding versatility of the network with limited inquiries from all the people accessing the system. The network puts into consideration the fact that the clientele base is heterogeneous as it covers more than three continents. The network will also remain different in power covering desktops, personal computers, as well as large mainframes. The services provided by the new network will be simple but with enormous abilities to satisfy the complex nature of clients served by the business. The software and hardware system entailed in the network is heterogeneous enough to link the administration of the company to the rest of the staffs within the stores' department. The network will cross many countries and several continents. As opposed to other systems, each portion of the network in each country will fall under a single management unit although it an agent will handle the same where necessary. Appointed agents are important for economic and security reasons in certain countries. The surety concerning the privacy of files will be the responsibility of independent subnets where they serve in their countries. The network covering storage file servers will base on RPC communications as well as transactional file serves. The function of file servers will be keeping unstructured files where every file remains logical and the storage pattern assumes a specific sequence containing data bytes.  

TOXICOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TOXICOLOGY - Essay Example These compounds are notorious for their health hazards. Most of the health effects are due to inhibition of cholinesterases (Kamanyire and Karalliedde, 2004). Other than this, inhibition of other enzymes and individual susceptibility also play a role. The compounds are highly lipid-soluble and can be absorbed from any route like skin, conjunctiva, mucus membranes, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. The onset of illness, severity and duration of each phase of illness depends not only on the type of the OP compounds to which the individual has been exposed to, but also the dosage of exposure, route of exposure, characteristics of the cholinesterase enzyme, rate of metabolism in the body and the physico-chemical properties of the compound. Cholinesterase plays an important role in the cell-to-cell communication and is present in several parts of the body like blood, nerves, neuromuscular tissue and glandular tissues. Inactivation of acetyl cholinesterase causes accumulation of acetyl choline in ganglia and synapses leading to various clinical problems (Kamanyire and Karalliedde, 2004). Exposure to these OP compounds leads to triphasic illness in human beings. The first phase is the cholinergic phase. In most of the exposed individuals, only the cholinergic phase may be observed. This is followed by an intermediate phase in 20 percent of the cases, followed by a final phase. The initial 2 phases are associated with mortality and morbidity, while the final phase is not associated with mortality and may not be preceded by the initial 2 phases (Kamanyire and Karalliedde, 2004). In the acute cholinergic phase, accumulation of acetyl choline in the muscarinic sites leads to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased gastrointestinal motility, vomiting, bradycardia and blurring of vision due to miosis. Accumulation in nicotinic sites like the neuromuscular junction results in flaccid

The Killer Angels Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Killer Angels - Research Paper Example It will then provide an analysis of the events. The story begins with an account of events that took place on 29 June 1863. Here. a spy by the name Harrison comes at night from his spying base to inform General Longstreet that he has seen the Union troops moving towards the confederate’s camp. The information takes General Longstreet by surprise since according to him, General Stuart is supposed to be keeping an eye on the movements of the Union troops. As a result, General Longstreet decides that the confederates should act immediately by moving to the southeast of Gettysburg for them to be able to intercept the Union troops (Shaara 4). Shaara (6) notes that far down south, the Union troop’s commander general Chamberlain wakes up to a surprise finding that his Twentieth Maine troops have increased in number by more than a hundred when mutineers from Second main joined them. Chamberlain advises them to join the troops so that they can continue with the fight. However, only six concede and joins the Twentieth Maine headed by General Chamberlain. When general Buford of the Union arrives in the town of Gettysburg with his troops, they find that the confederates had camped nearby. He notices that war is looming and decides to position his troops of about two thousand men along the sloppy hills in the area. His decision to go to the hill is based on the fact that General Buford believes that the key to winning the war is position themselves on a higher ground as it would be easier for them to fight from above. Within the Confederate camp, the commander general Longstreet meets with General Pickett and others to strategies for the battle (Shaara 13). On July 1, very early in the morning, General Lee wakes up and is annoyed on realizing that Stuart is not available. He believes that the strength of the Union troops is dependent on the availability of General Stuart. As a result, he meets Longstreet who is intending to move to the

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay

Preoperative Hair Removal Carried Out As Skin Preparation Nursing Essay Traditionally preoperative hair removal has been carried out as skin preparation method to reduce exposure to bacteria which may lead to surgical site infections (SSI) (Gottrup et al 2005). SSIs are defined by Centres for Disease Control (CDC) as superficial, deep incision and organ infection. According to Miller (2001) hair has been removed for such reason as wound asepsis, suitable placement of bandages, and access to operative site and accurate approximation of wound edges. Though preoperative hair removal has been in practice since 18th century its impact on the wound site has been under contention and therefore attracted the authors interest in seeking ways of hair removal without skin damage. However there are concerns that hair removal increases rather than reduces infection, in a study carried out by Astegnau et al (2001) to identify mortality and morbidity related to surgical site infection suggested that shaving increased the risk of infection by facilitating colonisation o f bacteria in the operating site. Many organisations, Association of Perioperative Registered Nurses (AORN2006) and Association for Perioperative Practise (AFPP2007) have moved away from hair removal. There is no clarity in literature as to the origin of preoperative hair removal, but researchers conclude to the fact that the surgeons of the time believed that wounds might heal more quickly if hair could be prevented from becoming entangled in the sutures and wound during closure (Miller et al 2001). Shaving with a razor substantiated the emergence of preoperative hair removal in a systematic literature review by Kjonnisken et al (2002) as an established practice based on assumption of preventing surgical site infection. Some other methods, electric clipping and depilatory creams have been highlighted as having lower postoperative wound infection rates. Hair is associated with poor hygiene habits because it harbours bacteria and removing it is thought to reduce surgical infections (Kumar 2002). Hair removal is done by shaving with either a razor or a clipper which are believed to cause both visible and microscopic injuries (Briggs1997). The damage caused by a razor or a clipper can release flora-providing access to serous exudates on which micro organisms may grow (Small 1996). Skin is always a hunting ground for microbes. Once the skins protective barrier is diminished primarily by a surgeons incision, microbes can potentially contaminate the wound. Loius Pasteur in confirmation of the existing understanding into the world of infection hypothesized in his germ theory that invisible bacteria could cause surgical infection if they gained entry through the broken skin (Fogg 2003). A national audit in 2004 suggests that surgical site infections increases patients hospital stay, and increases health care cost by delaying wound healing, this causes major physical limitations and reduced quality of life (Whitehouse et al 2002). If occurring after discharge the patient is likely to be readmitted which is a burden to the patient and can even cause death (Plowman 2000). Surgical site infections occurs within 30 days after surgery, exudes pus and shows one of the following symptoms pain, localised swelling and redness according to the Centre for Disease Control (1999). While once accepted as a standard practise for surgical procedures, hair removal is now being considered in great depth in the research. This essay will review the role of hair removal in the perioperative setting and its impact on surgical site infections. The author will discuss research regarding nurses and doctors knowledge on recommended guidelines on hair removal methods, comparison and timing of hair removal methods and their relationship to incidences of surgical site infections. Keywords used for the search are preoperative skin preparation, hair removal, preoperative razor shaving, electric clipping, depilatory creams and surgical site infections. The databases utilised were CINAHL, Cochraine database of systematic reviews, Health Source Nursing and Allied Health Science. The studies were done in USA, UK, Canada and Turkey. Hair Removal Methods Razor shaving is the cheapest and most commonly used hair removal method (Tanner et al. 2007). Using a sharp blade held with the head of the razor that is drawn to the patients skin to cut hair close to the skin surface. Razor shaving increases bacterial infection rates (Basevi Lavender 2001). Another method entails the use of clipper that uses fine teeth to remove hair close to the skin leaving stubble of usually one millimetre in length. Heads are disposable and handles are disinfected between patients to minimise risk of cross infection (Tanner et al. 2006). A further method is the use of depilatory creams that utilises chemicals, which dissolves the patients hair. Cream has to be in contact with the hair for between 5-20 minutes. A patch test should be done 24 hours before using the cream as some patients can develop allergic reactions and some have sensitive skins (Kjonnisken et al .2002). Miller et al. (2001) conducted a retrospective study comparing all patients who underwent intracranial procedures in the last two and half years where hair was not shaved, to patients done three and half years back that were shaved, to determine whether no hair removal increase post operative infection rate. Results were documented as minor, moderate and severe. Of the 250 subjects used 150 patients were not shaved and 7% developed post operative wound infection compared to 6.6% infections in the shaved group. There was no statistical significance in these findings though the sample size is large for an organisational setting however the finding could not be generalised based on this number. An experimental study was performed on 82 patients who underwent abdominal surgery between November 30th May 2005 to determine the effect of preoperative hair removal on post operative wound infection. Patients were told the aim of the study and they signed consents. Inclusion criteria were pati ents who had not been hospitalised within the last 30 days and didnt have infections while being admitted. Control group with 39 patients were razor shaved and on 43 for study group clippers were used. Patients were observed for signs of SSI two days post operatively and 7% of the study group developed SSI compared to 25.6 % in the control group. The results are statistically significant but the sample size is small and the fact that abdominal surgeries are viewed dirtier than lower limbs makes findings hard to generalise however the length of time and the study design utilised would have enabled the establishment of rigor for the findings to be reliable. The study uptake therefore will be better with an increased sample size. Though the latest studies are endorsing hair clipping (Tanner et al 2006). (Boyce Pittet 2002), more studies need to be carried out. A double-blind prospective study was carried out between 2000-2004 for all patients undergoing spinal surgery (Celik et al. 2007 ) to determine the effect of razor shaving and increased rate of postoperative site infection compared to no hair removal. The shaved group consisted of 371 subjects and the unshaved group comprised of 418 subjects. Patients were fully informed about the study and consents obtained. The subjects were randomly allocated according to pre-surgical shaving status. Exclusion criteria involved patients with skin conditions acne, furuncle and sebaceous cyst, patients with nutritional deficiency and medical conditions like diabetes and cancer. Same skin preparations were done in both groups. Both subjects received prophylactic antibiotics. Postoperatively, both groups were observed for signs of infection redness swelling and purulent discharge and bloods taken to check erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Infection was higher in the shaved group (p=.01) 4 patients in a shaved group (1.07%) developed infection and in only 1 patient in the unshaved group (0.23%). The findings suggest that preoperative hair removal increases postoperative infections. This study was ethically approved and both methodology and aim were clear and concise. These all confirm its reliability however giving antibiotics during procedures may mask the results causing the study to be unreliable. A randomised control study was conducted by (Menendez et al. 2004) aiming to assess the effects of preoperative shaving of pubic hair on postoperative bacterium after urological surgery. A sample size of 300 patients was used. 149 patients were shaved and 151 were not shaved. In both groups urine samples were taken for culture before being given prophylactic antibiotic and again at one week before the catheter was removed. In the shaved group 19.5% developed infection as compared to 16.6% in the non-shaved group. The difference was found not to be statistically significant. The results were based on testing urine samples than in the wounds making the study invalid. There is no clarity about ethical considerations and if the aim and purpose of the study was explained to the subjects and whether the consent obtained was informed. The prophylactic administration of the antibiotics makes the study to be unreliable and not valid. In Cochraine collaboration review data Tanner et al. (2007) conducted eleven randomised controlled trials to evaluate the effects of routine preoperative hair removal with razor as opposed to no hair removal in postoperative infection. The authors concluded that there is no sufficient evidence to prove that hair removal causes an increased risk of surgical site infections. However the study suggested the use of clippers or depilatory cream when necessary to remove hair with an idea that both methods results in fewer surgical site infections. Comparison of hair removal methods Trussell et al. (2008) conducted a thirty nine month observational study where razor shaving utensils were removed and replaced with clippers. The sample size consisted of one thousand eight hundred and twenty seven patients undergoing coronary bypass procedure. There was an in-service training for both nurses and doctors to teach them the effects of razor shaving, instructing them how to use electric clippers which is thought to be less traumatic to the skin when removing hair .The rate of sternal infections decreased from 3.5% to 1.5 %(p= .001) when using electric clippers. The qualitative method and the design of the above study suits the sample size, and neither observational bias nor antibiotic masking of the findings were introduced in the study resulting in a proper analysis of the data. The results also showed that the removals of razors and staff education not to use them for shaving were cost effective, and time effective. Costs related to preoperative hair removal are associated with postoperative infection and longer stay of patients in the hospital. A prospective report of Cruse and Ford (1980) cited in journals a-z Spine (2007 insert author here) with the objective to evaluate post operative clean surgical wounds in 3 groups. In a prospective observational study they compared patients shaved with razor, electric clippers and those with no hair removal. They did long term follow up on 62,339 patients. In this study the patients were not scrubbed with antiseptic solution. Their findings were that only 2.8% infections occurred in patients whose hair was removed by clippers compared to 3.2% in razor shaved patients and 0.9 in unshaved group. The sample size is good, the method and aim is clearly explained this makes the study reliable and rigorous. The results of a similar study carried by Zetner et al cited in spine (2007 insert author here) for patients who underwent craniotomy found that infection rate was lower in patients whose hair was removed with clippers observational studies favoured clipping. Shaving Versus Depilatory Cream A randomised controlled study conducted by Kjonnisken et al. (2002) included 400 subjects for abdominal surgery divided in three groups. In shaved group 12.4% develop infection, 7.9% in the depilatory group and 7.8% in non shaved group. The results are unreliable proof of effects of hair removal because the use of antiseptic solutions and giving antibiotics during the operation has affected the validity of the study. The study design being suitable for a quantitative method of study could be considered unfruitful due to poor detailed explanation of the randomisation method. Seven trials involving 1213 subjects were included which consisted of mixed surgical procedures in 1 trial. There was a variation in times of outcome assessments ranging from 2 to 28 days. Overall results 10% (65/670) patients developed surgical site infection in the shaved group compared to 7 % (38/543) who were in a group of cream hair removal. The results of this study are not reliable because 3 of the trials did not report at what period the assessment was carried out. Observational studies showed more significant effect when using depilatory cream, although creams reported adverse effects such as skin allergies and reactions. TIME AND PLACE Another phenomenon evident in literature in relation to hair removal methods causing postoperative surgical site infections is time and place of hair removal. There is evidence that the adverse effect of bacterial access and growth produced by razor and clippers is worsened by the interval between shaving injury and surgery. The timing of hair removal has been determined according to health workers schedule rather than in response to scientific evidence. Tanner et al. (2006) argued that there is little evidence that supports the assumption that removing hair as close to time of surgery minimises the time of bacteria to colonise the cuts caused by shaving. Surveys have found that a majority of hospitals have policies to remove surgical site hair the evening before surgery. A randomised study of 1,013 patients cited in Advanced journal of nursing 2006 (who is the author) showed no significant difference in numbers of surgical site infections when skin was shaved the evening before or day of the operation (p=0.69). One trial of 531 patients found that 5.1% of patients shaved the day before surgery developed surgical site infections compared to 6.5% of patients shaved on the day of surgery (where is the ref.). This seems to oppose hair removal close to the time of surgery. The same study compared using clippers on the night before surgery and on the morning just before surgery. Results were in favour of clipping in the morning before sur gery (p.0.027 on discharge). This was maintained at a 30-day follow up (p=0.006)( what is the meaning of this.) One prospective observational study conducted by Alexander 2003 cited in (Joanna Briggs systematic literature review 2007) with sample size of 536 patients found that patients shaved 12 hours before surgery had lower risk of surgical site infections than patients shaved less than 2 hour prior to surgery. ( why is this so) A survey was carried out on 589 surgeons in Canada comparing their practises to recommendations of evidence based guidelines on preventing surgical site infection. A list was generated using the database of College of Physicians and Surgeons currently practising in the province. The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Board. Surveys were emailed to the participants and only 242 were returned by mail without return address with 63% showing non compliance with the recommendations. Compared with general surgeons, gynaecological and plastic surgeons used razors than clippers, p=.004. (why are these hanging) A questionnaire-based survey was conducted between February and April 2005 to assess the opinions and practices of surgeons and ward staff with regard to patients hair removal. The answers suggested that they were not up to date with the literature and its effect on postoperative wound infections. If attitudes are to change, the surgeons need to develop a protocol with clear guidelines as to when and by what technique they need hair removal to be performed. Recommendations and Implications to Practice As patients advocates nurses need to play an important role in reducing the incidences of surgical site infections. Nursing procedures that are harmful to the patients may breach codes of professional standards. Alongside the nurses ethical duty to protect their patient it is important that nurses are aware they may be held legally accountable for their actions. Most hospital acquired infections can be prevented by implementing effective, preventive strategies throughout the patients surgical journey. Nurses have to develop patients education materials on proper hair removal. Whenever hair is to be removed it should be done by someone who has knowledge of appropriate technique and is skilful to the procedure. Through continued staff educational programmes and in-service education on the use of clippers to improve compliance with professional recommendations and promote patients safety. Nurses need to assess patients skin prior to hair removal to identify any potential risk of cuts. T hey must keep abreast with research findings incorporating resulting guidelines into practice. To maximize their advocacy role with regards to preoperative hair removal, nurses must work together with infection control staff, supply management and risk management to minimise the risk of infections.(why). The research into preventing surgical site infections found that preoperative hair removal is not necessary to reduce the risk of infection and should be avoided. The studies reviewed show there is a relationship between shaving with razor and increased surgical site infection rates. Different hair removal practises are recommended by organisations that set guidelines and standards for practice (Guidelines for Centre for DISEASE CONTROL and AORN 2007 (Recommended practice for skin preparation) states that hair removal is not necessary unless it interferes with the incision, draping and putting dressings. If hair needs to be removed they recommend using clippers instead of razor, for they are safe and easy to use. Norwegian centre for health technology assessment argues that there is no strong evidence in favour of or against hair removal, and recommend not to avoid preoperative hair removal. Although evidence is limited on the timing of clipping, its recommended it has to be done as close to the time of surgery preferable two hours before. They further specify that hair should be clipped using a single use electric clipper with a reusable head that can be sterilized between patients. However the authors opinion is that clippers with disposable heads should be utilised since it is more cost effective and time saving when compared to sterilisation. They recommend hair clipping outside the operating room to minimise the dispersal of hair which have potential of contaminating the sterile field and surgical wound (Mews 2000). Hospital infection society working party guidelines recommend using cream a day before surgery. Depilatories may be used if skin testing has been done following the manufacturer instruction, without tissue irritation. Since creams can be messy patients may be advised to use them before turning up for admission. Some hospitals still continue routine hair removal long after dissemination of recommendations against it. The author believes that it is an indication to audit hair removal procedures and adhere to the recommended guidelines and policies. In addition to the clinical advantages, clippers are also cost effective. One study by Trussell et al (2008) estimated a cost saving of $270,000 per 1000 patients when shaving was replaced with clipping. The study also concluded that long-term savings should be considered due to reduction of the incidences of postoperative wound infections. Other studies reported cost comparisons between wet razors shave and use of cream finding cream to be expensive. This cost saving was limited, covering only minimal direct costs rather than full range of direct and indirect costs of shaving items compared with the cost of depilatory cream. The use of depilatory cream was also found to be effective, though there are limitations to its use due to time factor. Conclusion Surgical site infection is one of the commonest health associated infections. Surgical site infections can occur in 10% of patients each year resulting in delayed wound healing, increased hospital stay, unnecessary pain, readmission and even death. Seemingly there is no scientific basis of preoperative skin shaving. Studies illustrates that preoperative hair removal methods have been found to be the causes of surgical site infections, because of the cuts they cause on the skin making it to be colonised by microbes. Hair clipping is considered the favoured method of hair removal but its not without error. Preoperative hair clipping protocol was developed in 2003 (by who) and literature reviews have proven that these policies are still relevant. Studies have also reinforced the importance of staff education which will help to strengthen the use of electric clippers. Nurses must keep abreast of research findings to be able to support their rationale for change when championing this crusade to their medical colleagues. Through these efforts the surgical team can provide the safest environment to reduce the risk for the development of surgical site infections, promoting positive outcomes for all surgical patients. Future research wi ll determine the effectiveness and success of clippers which improves patients safety against surgical site infections.